The clinical and economic evolution of Cannabis sativa L. requires a shift from traditional agricultural practices to rigorous, reproducible pharmaceutical platforms. This manuscript delivers a unified overview mapping out natural biosynthetic cascades within glandular trichomes alongside synthetic biology alternatives. We analyze three core cultivation systems outdoor open field, hybrid greenhouse, and closed environment agriculture (CEA) by using comprehensive metrics tailored to Low and Middle Income Countries (LMICs). Given the demanding standards of global import jurisdictions (such as EU-GMP), a targeted framework for the Republic of Rwanda is constructed, evaluating Ministerial Order No. 003/MoH/2021. This study also outlines a technical and regulatory roadmap for emerging economies entering the global phytopharmaceutical supply chain.
Keywords: Cannabinoid Biosynthesis, GACP/GMP Compliance, Techno-Economic Modeling, Supercritical Fluid Extraction, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Emerging Pharmaceutical Markets.
Citation: Mugabo, C. (2026). Phytochemical Engineering and Bioprocess Optimization of Cannabis sativa L.: A Unified Framework for Natural and Synthetic Cannabinoid Production. J B & Bio Engine 6(2): 1-8. DOI : https://doi.org/10.47485/2693-2504.1065