Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic autoimmune disease marked by immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, leading to absolute insulin deficiency. Historically, diagnosis occurred only after the onset of hyperglycemia and clinical symptoms. Advances in immunology and genetics have revealed presymptomatic stages of the disease, enabling earlier identification of individuals at risk.
Teplizumab, an anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody, is the first disease-modifying therapy shown to delay progression to clinical diabetes. In parallel, stem cell-derived β-cell replacement therapies and islet transplantation are opening new possibilities for restoring endogenous insulin production. This article reviews the etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, staging, prevention strategies, and emerging curative approaches for T1DM.
Citation: Manov, A. (2026). Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Etiology, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Disease Staging, Prevention With Teplizumab, and Emerging Beta-Cell Replacement Therapies. J Medical Case Repo 8(4):1-5. DOI : https://doi.org/10.47485/2767-5416.1154